File and Directory Operations:
- ls: List files and directories.
- pwd: Print the current working directory.
- cd: Change the current directory.
- mkdir: Create a new directory.
- rmdir: Remove a directory.
- touch: Create an empty file.
- rm: Remove files or directories.
- cp: Copy files or directories.
- mv: Move or rename files and directories.
File Viewing and Editing:
- cat: Concatenate and display file contents.
- less or more: View file contents page by page.
- nano or vim or emacs: Text editors for creating and editing files.
- head and tail: Display the beginning or end of a file.
File Permissions:
- chmod: Change file permissions.
- chown: Change file ownership.
- Searching and Finding Files:
- find: Search for files and directories.
- grep: Search for text patterns in files.
- locate: Quickly find files by name.
- which: Find the location of an executable.
Process Management:
- ps: List running processes.
- top or htop: Monitor system processes in real-time.
- kill: Terminate processes.
- killall: Terminate processes by name.
- uname: Display system information.
- df: Show disk space usage.
- free: Display memory usage.
- uptime: Show system uptime.
- Package Management (Package Managers may vary by Linux distribution):
- apt (Debian/Ubuntu), yum (Red Hat/CentOS), dnf (Fedora): Package management commands for installing, updating, and removing software packages.
Networking:
- ifconfig or ip: Display and configure network interfaces.
- ping: Check network connectivity.
- netstat: Network statistics.
- ssh: Secure Shell for remote access.
- scp: Securely copy files between hosts.
Compression and Archiving:
- tar: Archive files.
- gzip or gunzip: Compress and decompress files.
- zip or unzip: Create and extract zip archives.
User and Group Management:
- useradd and userdel: Add and delete user accounts.
- passwd: Change user passwords.
- groupadd and groupdel: Add and delete user groups.
System Shutdown and Reboot:
- shutdown: Shutdown or restart the system.
- reboot: Reboot the system.